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![FUS forms DNA-rich compartments upon PARP1 activation in the presence of HPF1. ( A ) Upper panels: <t>AFM</t> <t>images</t> of PARylated PARP1 (30 nM) after incubation with damaged pBR plasmid (12.5 nM) and HPF1 (30–480 nM) for 5 min in the presence of NAD + (300 μM). Lower panels: same conditions as on the upper panel, but followed by the addition of FUS (400 nM) and incubation for 1 min before deposition on a mica surface. Scale bar: 400 nm; Z scale: 2 nm. ( B ) Diameter of PARylated molecules were measured in images shown in panel (A) (upper panels). ∗∗ P <.01; *** P <.001; **** P <.0001, paired t -test; n = 140 per sample. Horizontal bars indicate mean; scanned area: 20 μm 2 per sample, three samples per condition. ( C ) Diameter of compartments were measured in images shown in panel (A) (lower panels). ∗∗ P <.05, paired t -test; n = 40 per sample (except 480 nM HPF1, n = 9 per sample). Horizontal bars indicate mean; scanned area: 30 μm 2 per sample, three samples per condition. ( D ) Diagrams showing calculation of the relative level of PARP1 activity in the presence of HPF1 after separation of the products by 10% SDS–PAGЕ . PARP1 (30 nM) was incubated with damaged DNA (12.5 nM), 0.3 mM NAD + , and 0.4 μCi [ 32 P]-NAD + in the absence or presence of HPF1 (30–960 nM). The relative level of PAR synthesis was normalized to the level of PAR synthesis catalyzed by PARP1 alone for 15 min without HPF1.](https://pub-med-central-images-cdn.bioz.com/pub_med_central_ids_ending_with_6358/pmc12956358/pmc12956358__gkag183fig1.jpg)
Afm Images, supplied by Bruker Corporation, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 9318 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/afm+images/pmc12956358-81-0-13?v=Bruker+Corporation
Average 99 stars, based on 9318 article reviews
Afm Images, supplied by Bruker Corporation, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 9318 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/afm+images/pmc12956358-81-0-13?v=Bruker+Corporation
Average 99 stars, based on 9318 article reviews
afm images - by Bioz Stars,
2026-07
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Images
1) Product Images from "HPF1 regulates the formation of FUS-dependent compartments by PARP1 and PARP2 activation on damaged DNA"
Article Title: HPF1 regulates the formation of FUS-dependent compartments by PARP1 and PARP2 activation on damaged DNA
Journal: Nucleic Acids Research
doi: 10.1093/nar/gkag183
Figure Legend Snippet: FUS forms DNA-rich compartments upon PARP1 activation in the presence of HPF1. ( A ) Upper panels: AFM images of PARylated PARP1 (30 nM) after incubation with damaged pBR plasmid (12.5 nM) and HPF1 (30–480 nM) for 5 min in the presence of NAD + (300 μM). Lower panels: same conditions as on the upper panel, but followed by the addition of FUS (400 nM) and incubation for 1 min before deposition on a mica surface. Scale bar: 400 nm; Z scale: 2 nm. ( B ) Diameter of PARylated molecules were measured in images shown in panel (A) (upper panels). ∗∗ P <.01; *** P <.001; **** P <.0001, paired t -test; n = 140 per sample. Horizontal bars indicate mean; scanned area: 20 μm 2 per sample, three samples per condition. ( C ) Diameter of compartments were measured in images shown in panel (A) (lower panels). ∗∗ P <.05, paired t -test; n = 40 per sample (except 480 nM HPF1, n = 9 per sample). Horizontal bars indicate mean; scanned area: 30 μm 2 per sample, three samples per condition. ( D ) Diagrams showing calculation of the relative level of PARP1 activity in the presence of HPF1 after separation of the products by 10% SDS–PAGЕ . PARP1 (30 nM) was incubated with damaged DNA (12.5 nM), 0.3 mM NAD + , and 0.4 μCi [ 32 P]-NAD + in the absence or presence of HPF1 (30–960 nM). The relative level of PAR synthesis was normalized to the level of PAR synthesis catalyzed by PARP1 alone for 15 min without HPF1.
Techniques Used: Activation Assay, Incubation, Plasmid Preparation, Activity Assay
![FUS forms DNA-rich compartments upon PARP2 activation in the presence of HPF1. ( A ) Upper panels: AFM images of PARylated PARP2 (30 nM) after incubation with damaged pBR plasmid (12.5 nM) and HPF1 (30–480 nM) for 5 min in the presence of NAD+ (300 μM). Lower panels: Same conditions as on the upper panel, but followed by the addition of FUS (400 nM) and incubation for 1 min before deposition on mica surface. Scale bar: 400 nm; Z scale: 2 nm. ( B ) Diameter of PARylated molecules was measured in images shown in panel (A) (upper panels). ∗∗∗∗ P <.0001, ns, nonsignificant, paired t -test; n = 140 per sample. Horizontal bars indicate mean; scanned area: 20 μm² per sample, three samples per condition. ( C ) Diameter of compartments were measured in images shown in panel (A) (lower panels). ns P >.05, paired t -test; n = 40 per sample (except 480 nM HPF1). Horizontal bars indicate mean; scanned area: 30 μm² per sample, three samples per condition. ( D ) Diagrams showing calculation of the relative level of PARP2 activity in the presence of HPF1 after separation of the products by 10% SDS–PAGЕ . PARP2 (30 nM) was incubated with damaged DNA (12.5 nM), 0.3 mM NAD + , and 0.4 μCi [ 32 P]-NAD + in the absence or presence of HPF1 (30–960 nM). The relative level of PAR synthesis was normalized to the level of PAR synthesis catalyzed by PARP2 alone for 30 min without HPF1.](https://pub-med-central-images-cdn.bioz.com/pub_med_central_ids_ending_with_6358/pmc12956358/pmc12956358__gkag183fig2.jpg "... presence of HPF1. ( A ) Upper panels: AFM images of PARylated PARP2 (30 nM) after incubation ...")
Figure Legend Snippet: FUS forms DNA-rich compartments upon PARP2 activation in the presence of HPF1. ( A ) Upper panels: AFM images of PARylated PARP2 (30 nM) after incubation with damaged pBR plasmid (12.5 nM) and HPF1 (30–480 nM) for 5 min in the presence of NAD+ (300 μM). Lower panels: Same conditions as on the upper panel, but followed by the addition of FUS (400 nM) and incubation for 1 min before deposition on mica surface. Scale bar: 400 nm; Z scale: 2 nm. ( B ) Diameter of PARylated molecules was measured in images shown in panel (A) (upper panels). ∗∗∗∗ P <.0001, ns, nonsignificant, paired t -test; n = 140 per sample. Horizontal bars indicate mean; scanned area: 20 μm² per sample, three samples per condition. ( C ) Diameter of compartments were measured in images shown in panel (A) (lower panels). ns P >.05, paired t -test; n = 40 per sample (except 480 nM HPF1). Horizontal bars indicate mean; scanned area: 30 μm² per sample, three samples per condition. ( D ) Diagrams showing calculation of the relative level of PARP2 activity in the presence of HPF1 after separation of the products by 10% SDS–PAGЕ . PARP2 (30 nM) was incubated with damaged DNA (12.5 nM), 0.3 mM NAD + , and 0.4 μCi [ 32 P]-NAD + in the absence or presence of HPF1 (30–960 nM). The relative level of PAR synthesis was normalized to the level of PAR synthesis catalyzed by PARP2 alone for 30 min without HPF1.
Techniques Used: Activation Assay, Incubation, Plasmid Preparation, Activity Assay
![PARG was able to efficiently hydrolyze PAR synthesized by PARP1(2) in the presence of HPF1 under conditions of FUS compartment formation. ( A ) Representative AFM images of DNA-rich compartments formed by FUS after PARP1 activation in the absence or presence of HPF1 (30–480 nM) and subsequent hydrolysis of PAR by 40 nM PARG for 30 min. Scale bar: 400 nm; Z scale: 2 nm. AFM images of PARylated PARP1 (30 nM) after incubation with damaged pBR plasmid (12.5 nM) and HPF1 (30–480 nM) for 5 min in the presence of NAD + (0.3 mM) and followed by the addition of FUS (400 nM) and incubation for 1 min before addition of PARG (40 nM). ( B ) The diameter of the compartments was measured in images obtained in conditions similar to Fig. (red circle, before PARG adding) and in images shown in panel (A) (green circle, 30 minutes after adding PARG). ∗ P <.05; *** P <.001; **** P <.0001; ns, nonsignificant, paired t -test; n = 13 per sample (at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 nM HPF1 in the absence or presence of PARG) and n = 6 per sample (480 nM HPF1 in the absence of PARG). Horizontal bars indicate mean; scanned area: 30 μm 2 per sample, three samples per condition. ( С, D ) The graphs present quantification of [ 32 P]-labeled PAR after PARG treatment , in the absence of HPF1 (red curve) or in the presence of 60 nM HPF1 (orange curve), 240 nM HPF1 (yellow curve), or 960 nM HPF1 (green curve). The relative level of PAR hydrolysis in the presence of FUS was normalized to the amount of PAR synthesized by PARP1 ( C ) or PARP2 ( D ) in the absence of HPF1 (red curve) for 15 and 30 min, respectively.](https://pub-med-central-images-cdn.bioz.com/pub_med_central_ids_ending_with_6358/pmc12956358/pmc12956358__gkag183fig3.jpg "... of FUS compartment formation. ( A ) Representative AFM images of DNA-rich compartments formed by FUS after ...")
Figure Legend Snippet: PARG was able to efficiently hydrolyze PAR synthesized by PARP1(2) in the presence of HPF1 under conditions of FUS compartment formation. ( A ) Representative AFM images of DNA-rich compartments formed by FUS after PARP1 activation in the absence or presence of HPF1 (30–480 nM) and subsequent hydrolysis of PAR by 40 nM PARG for 30 min. Scale bar: 400 nm; Z scale: 2 nm. AFM images of PARylated PARP1 (30 nM) after incubation with damaged pBR plasmid (12.5 nM) and HPF1 (30–480 nM) for 5 min in the presence of NAD + (0.3 mM) and followed by the addition of FUS (400 nM) and incubation for 1 min before addition of PARG (40 nM). ( B ) The diameter of the compartments was measured in images obtained in conditions similar to Fig. (red circle, before PARG adding) and in images shown in panel (A) (green circle, 30 minutes after adding PARG). ∗ P <.05; *** P <.001; **** P <.0001; ns, nonsignificant, paired t -test; n = 13 per sample (at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 nM HPF1 in the absence or presence of PARG) and n = 6 per sample (480 nM HPF1 in the absence of PARG). Horizontal bars indicate mean; scanned area: 30 μm 2 per sample, three samples per condition. ( С, D ) The graphs present quantification of [ 32 P]-labeled PAR after PARG treatment , in the absence of HPF1 (red curve) or in the presence of 60 nM HPF1 (orange curve), 240 nM HPF1 (yellow curve), or 960 nM HPF1 (green curve). The relative level of PAR hydrolysis in the presence of FUS was normalized to the amount of PAR synthesized by PARP1 ( C ) or PARP2 ( D ) in the absence of HPF1 (red curve) for 15 and 30 min, respectively.
Techniques Used: Synthesized, Activation Assay, Incubation, Plasmid Preparation, Labeling
Figure Legend Snippet: The size of DNA-rich compartments decreased if FUS was added before initiation of PARylation. ( A ) Representative AFM images of compartments formed by FUS during PARP1 activation under indicated conditions (same as in Fig. ). FUS was added prior to NAD + , which was followed by the activation of PARP1. Scale bar: 400 nm; Z scale: 2 nm. ( B ) Comparing the size of compartments measured in images shown in Fig. (green circle) and images shown in panel (A) (pink circle); ∗∗ P >.01; ns, nonsignificant; paired t -test; n = 30 per sample (except 480 nM HPF1). Horizontal bars indicate mean; scanned area: 30 μm² per sample, three samples per condition.
Techniques Used: Activation Assay